SOME BASIC QUESTION ABOUT COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

  1)   What is microprocessor and how to identify microprocessor?

Ans - Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contain all the function of central processing unit of a computer.

To identify a processer we need to consider the following factors

a)   FSB

b)  Clock speed

c)    L2 cache

  2)   List the different type of processer?

Ans – a) Intel core 2 duo

b) Intel celeron

c) Core i3

d) Core i5

e) Core i7

  3)   List different type of processor socket?

Ans – a) Socket PGA 370

b) Socket PGA 478

c) Socket LGA 775

d) Socket LGA 1156

e) Socket LGA 1155

f) Socket LGA 1366

  4)   List the feture of intel processor.

Ans –

·       EIST – allow the system to dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency.

·       EDB – It is an Intel hardware base security.

·       Intel turbo boost technology – It automatically allow the processor core to run faster than base operating frequency

·       Smart cache – It allow to each core to dynamically utilize up to 100% of available cache

·       Virtulization – It is a technology used to run multiple virtual machine in the single physical machine

·       Intel 64 technology – It allow the processor to run 64 bit code memory and allow to access larger amount of memory.

  5)   What is memory and How many type of memory?

Ans – The device which is store the information (data) i.e. called memory.

It is three type

a)   Physical memory

b)  Flash memory

c)    Cache memory

  6)   What is physical, Flash, Cache memory?

Ans  -

Physical memory – total amount of memory that is installed in the computer.

a)   RAM

b)  ROM

Flash memory – Flash memory is a kind of memory that retain the data in absence of power supply. It is non-volatile memory.

Cache memory – It is small and fast memory which is placed between the CPU and North Bridge.

  7)   Explain the SDRAM, RDRAM, DDR-1, DDR-2,DDR-3?

Ans –

          SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) – It is synchronous the memory speed with CPU clock speed. This tends to increase the number of instruction that the processor can perform in a given time

RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) – It is desined to transfer data at faster rate. It is the faster computer memory.

DDR-1 – It is also known as the Dual Data Rate SDRAM.Its spacification are:

Pin- 168, Cut – 2, FSB- 100-133mz, operating voltage – 3.3v, Storage capacity128mb-1gb.

DDR-2 – It was launched in 2007. Its spacification are:

Pin -  184, Cut-1, FSB- 153mz-400mz, operating voltage 2.5,Storage Capacity 128mb- 2gb

DDR-3 – DDR-3 RAM is similar toDDR-2 RAM but uses 30% less power and can transfer data twice as fast.

  8)   Difference between SRAM and DRAM.

Ans –

SRAM	DRAM
Store data till power supply	Store data only few mini second
Data access is faster	Data access is slower
Consume more power	Consume less power
Cost per bit high	Cost per bit low
Low density	High density

  9)   What is motherboard? Hoe many type of motherboard?

Ans – It is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together many crucial component of computer including CPU, Memory, Connector and I/O device.

It is 2 type:

a)   Integrated – both slot and port

b)  Non - integrated – only slot

  10)                     What is difference between Desktop and Server motherboard ?

Ans –

Desktop motherboard	Server motherboard
It usually has only one CPU socket	It has more than one socket
It should be less castaly	It should be more caustaly
It has less expension	It has more expension slot

11)What is difference between chepset and original motherboard?

Ans – Chipset motherboard – In this type of motherboard, motherboard manufacture company and chipset manufacture company both are different.

Orignal motherboard – In this type of motherboard, motherboard manufacture company and chipset manufacture company both are same.

12)What is North bridge and south bridge?

Ans –

North bridge – It main work to communicate RAM  and CPU. Its main work to control section are VGA port, Graphics, RAM, and CPU

South bridge – It is also known as ICH (I/O controller hub ). Its main control sections are USB ports, LAN ports, Audio ports etc.

13)What is SMPS? How many factor of SMPS?

Ans –  SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply. Its main work to recive AC current and conver it into DC.

Factors of SMPS:

a)   LPX (Low Power Extended )

b)  ATX ( Advance Technology Extended)

c)    SFX (Small Form Factor )

14)List down different output voltage of SMPS.

Ans –

a)   Yellow - +12v

b)  Blue - -12v

c)    Red- +5v

d)  Orang - +3.3v

e)   White - -5v

f)     Black – 0v (Ground)

g)   Green - +5v or PS ( Power Switch)

h)  Voilet - +5v Stand By (SB)

i)      Gray - +5v Power Good (PG)

15)List down different connectors of SMPS

Ans –

a)   ATX Power Connector (20 pin)

b)  24 Pins SMPS Connector

c)    Stand peripheral power connector (Molex)

d)  SATA Power connector

e)   PCI-E 6 pin connector

16)What is HDD and How many type of HDD?

Ans –

HDD – Hard Disk Drive is a secoundry Permanent magnatic storage device. It is made up off hard material ( glass, aluminium, ceramic )

There are two type of HDD

a)   IDE/PATA Drive

b)  Serial ATA Drive

17)What is ODD and How Many type of ODD?

Ans – ODD – ODD stands for optical disk drive. It store the data in the form of light.

Different Optical Disk are

a)   CD drive

b)  DVD drive

c)    Blue-ray drive

18)What is keyboard and How many type of keyboard according to no of key?

Ans – Keyboard – It is an input device that’s main work to give to input instruction to the system.

a)   101-key Enhanced Keyboard

b)  102-key Enhanced Keyboard

c)    104-key Enhanced Keyboard

d)  Multimedia Keyboard

19)What is mouse? How many type of mouse according to technology?

Ans – It is an input device that main work to give to input instruction to system. It is graphical base device. It is also known as pointer device.

It is three type on the basis of technology

a)   Machanical

b)  Opto Machanical

c)    Optical

20) What is moniter ? list the different type of moniter

Ans – It is an output device that main work to show image on screen.

Different type of moniter are

  a)   Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

  b)  Liquid Cristal Display (LCD)

  c)    Thin Film Transistor (TFT)

  d)  Light Emitting Diode (LED)

  e)   Organic LED (OLED)

  f)     Plazma

                                                 

21)What is Graphics Card and how many type of Graphics Card in Present time?

Ans - a printed circuit board that controls the output to a display screen

Type of Graphics card

a)    PCI graphics card

b)    AGP graphics card

c)     PCIe graphics card

22)  List down different type of port in motherboard

Ans  -

a)    Serial port

b)    Parallel port

c)     USB

d)    IRDA (Infrared port)

e)    Bluetooth Port

f)      Fire wire

g)    ESATA

h)    HDMI

23)  List down different version of USB and data transfer rate.

Ans –

a)    USB 1.0 – Its data transfer speed 1.5mbps

b)    USB 1.1 – Its data transfer speed 12mbps

c)     USB 2.0 – Its data transfer speed 480mbps

d)    USB 3.0 – Its data transfer speed 500mbps

24)  What is IRQ?

Ans - IRQs are hardware lines over which devices can send interrupt signals to the microprocessor.

25)  What is BIOS? List the different function of BIOS.

Ans – BIOS ( Basic Input Output System ) It is a software program or firm-ware that enable you to start the system. It loaded in ROM IC on the motherboard.

Function of BIOS

a)  POST

b)  Setup

c)  BIOS

d)  Bootstrap loader

SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF ROUTING

What is Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

The Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a Cisco proprietary Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) network protocol developed by Cisco to share information about other directly connected Cisco devices, such as the operating system version and IP address.

Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) messages received from a neighbor Cisco device are not forwarded to any other devices by default. This means that Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is passed only to directly connected Cisco devices. Each Cisco device (which supports Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)) stores the messages received from neighbor devices in a table that can be viewed using the show cdp neighbors command.

Cisco devices send Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) messages to the multicast destination address 01:00:0C:CC:CC:CC. CDP messages are sent every 60 seconds on interfaces that support Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) headers.

Types of Routes Static Routes and Dynamic Routes, Difference between static route and dynamic route

Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic and route is the path to send the network traffic.

static routes - 

 A static route is a route that is created manually by a network administrator. Static routes are typically used in smaller networks. In static routing, the Router's routing table entries are populated manually by a network administrator.The major advantages of static routing are reduced routing protocol router overhead and reduced routing protocol network traffic. The major disadvantages of static routing are network changes require manual reconfiguration in routers and network outages cannot be automatically routed around.

Default Route - 

A Default Route (also known as the gateway of last resort) is a special type of static route. Where a static route specifies a path a router should use to reach a specific destination, a default route specifies a path the router should use if it doesn’t know how to reach the destination. 

Routable protocol -

 A Routable protocol is a network protocol which can carry data from one network and can pass through the router to reach another network and be delivered to a computer in that remote network.

Non-routable protocols-

A non-routable protocol’s data cannot be passed through a router to reach a remote network. This is mainly because of the lack of capability of protocol (almost all non-routable protocols are designed long back which will not fit well in current networks) and the addressing scheme the non-routable protocol is using.  

What is Autonomous System | What is Autonomous System Number

An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of networks under a single administrative control which could be an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a large Enterprise Organization. An Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) refers to a routing protocol that handles routing within a single autonomous system. 

 When BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) was at development and standardization stage, a 16-bit binary number was used as the Autonomous System Number (ASN) to identify the Autonomous Systems. 16-bit Autonomous System Number (ASN) is also known as 2-Octet Autonomous System Number (ASN). By using a 16 bit binary number, we can represent (2 ¹⁶) numbers, which is equal to 65536 in decimals.

Adiministrative Distance

Administrative Distance (AD) is a value that routers use in order to select the best path when there are two or more different routes to the same destination from two different routing protocols. Administrative Distance counts the reliability of a routing protocol. Administrative Distance (AD) is a numeric value which can range from 0 to 255. A smaller Administrative Distance (AD) is more trusted by a router, therefore the best Administrative Distance (AD) being 0 and the worst, 255.

Administrative Distance (AD)	Route Type
0	Connected interface
0 or 1	Static Route
90	Internal EIGRP Route (within the same Autonomu system)
100	IGRP Route
110	OSPF Route
115	IS-IS
120	RIP Route
255	Unknown Route

Metric Value

If the router has more than one route found by two different routing protocols, for the same destination network, the router chooses Adiministrative Distance to choose the best one.

But in some cases, there will be two paths found by the same protocol, to the same destination network. Here the Routing protocol will use Route Metric value to find the best path.

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Distance Vector protocols are the simplest amoung Routing Protocols. Distance vector routing protocols use the distance and direction (vector) to find paths to destinations.

A router which is running a Distance Vector routing protocol informs its neighbours about the network topology changes periodically, using limited brodcast using destination IP address 255.255.255.255.

Distance Vector protocols use the Bellman-Ford algorithm for finding best paths to destinations.

Routers running Distance Vector protocols learn who their neighbours are by listening for routing broadcasts on their interfaces. Distance Vector protocols periodically send local limited brodcast (255.255.255.255) to share routing information.

Distance Vector algorithms pass routing table updates to their immediate neighbors in all directions. At each exchange, the router increments the distance value received for a route, thereby applying its own distance value to it.

Link State Routing Protocols

Link state routing protocols maintain complete road map of the network in each router running a link state routing protocol. Each router running a link state routing protocol originates information about the router, its directly connected links, and the state of those links. This information is sent to all the routers in the network as multicast messages. Link-state routing always try to maintain full networks topology by updating itself incrementally whenever a change happen in network.

Each router in the network keeps a copy of it, without changing it. After obtaining the complete picture of network topology, each router will independently calculate its own best paths to reach the destination networks.

Managing Domain Name Servers

 What Is A Domain Name Server (DNS) And How Does It Work

Domain Name System is an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses and IP addresses into domain names.This is necessary because, although domain names are easy for people to remember, computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.satyam.com might translate to 120.0.0.20.

DNS Zone Types

Forward Lookup Zones:

The most common zone of DNS is forward lookup zone. its main work to converts host name into IP address.  In windows server 2008 you can divide your zone into three regions that are primary, secondary and stub.

How to create Forward lookup primary DNS zone in server 2008

Step1 First you would give an IP on going to "ncpa.cpl" there you right click on Local Area Connection and going ther properties then you give an IP. sapoose I am take an IP i.e. 120.0.0.20

Step2 Go to server manager and select ROLES and after that ADD ROLES then click on DNS and install that

Step3 Click on start button then Administrative tool and then DNS

Step4 Here you expend the computer name, Right click on Forward Lookup zone and select new zone After that New zone wizard is open infront of you. here I take an example like "Satyam.com" and after that click next

Step5 here you select Allow both nonsecure and secure

 And click Next and at last you select Finish.

Step6 After that you expend Forward lookup zone, Right click on Hsos name and select New Host ( A or AAA ).... and after opening wizard infront of you, you will type only "www" in name box and select Add Host

How to create Reverse lookup zone in server 2008

Reverse lookup zone allows the client to get the name of the corresponding IP address by querying, in reverse lookup zone we can create the PTR (Pointer) again any host.

Step1 Creating reverse zone in active directory is almost same as forward lookup zone. Right click on reverse zone in DNS console and click on new zone. 

Here you fill Network ID and after clicking next select Allow both nonsecure and secure and at last select Finish

Step2 expend reverse lookup zone, right click on IP and select "New Pointer ( PTR ). After open wizard you are fill the host name in my case i.e. "www.satyam.com" and select "ok"

TO CHECK THAT YOU ARE MADECURRECTLY OR NOT 

Step1 GO on "cmd" and type command "nslookup 120.0.0.20 (your IP)"

After that you can see that by typing your IP your Host Name is aaper infront of you